(If cost is a factor, you can opt to have your pet cremated with other . Unlike humans, cats respond differently to aspirin. Have an open and honest dialog with your vet. They may have spent enough on treatments. A veterinarian knows exactly what theyre doing and has gone through extensive training in order to learn how to perform the procedure in the most efficient and painless way possible. The first step is to mix the drugs according to their instructions. An animal's suffering and death should be minimized to the greatest extent feasible when it is put down. Expert guidance from a professional who has been through this situation with other owners is invaluable during this sad situation. Tylenol PM is a painkiller and a fever reducer that can be found in most homes, as it is very commonly used and is known to be very efficient for humans. If you plan on administering the pills orally, you may not need buprenorphine premedication. . You should not try to overdose your cat on gabapentin in an attempt to perform the euthanasia procedure yourself. Buprenorphine isnt exactly a euthanizing drug for cats. Furthermore, it is more likely that the cat will be more at ease in its dying hours at home than at a clinic. Its important to mention that you should not try to perform euthanasia yourself with over-the-counter medication, no matter how many articles about it you read online (and Ive seen a few). If you choose not to euthanize your cat, your cat will live for some time and will eventually die. Your little pet will suffer from the symptoms of aspirin poisoning, which may include: Vomiting In our case, the patient is a cat. To live or die may be your only option in any given circumstance. Place the pet in a box with a personal item like shirt run vacuum cleaner hose from car exhaust run car until pet is gone to the next life. Cat euthanasia is a part of decision-making that you may have to encounter and you need to be able to take the right call firmly. I know an owners decision-making skills might be clouded with grief over the impending loss of their pet, but it is no excuse to opt for performing the euthanization process themselves. Not everyone has the financial means to take their pet to the vet for a final time. Cats cannot be euthanized with tramadol. It must be noted that the euthanization process itself is not done with this drug, this is just a pre-euthanization calming ritual. Benadryl: This over the counter drug is one of the best in the area. Pentobarbital Sodium is known to be a high anesthetic drug. Both the injectable and oral barbiturates are likely to cause pains to the pet upon subjection. Because of their drug use, it is probable that they went overboard. If this is something you cannot afford, then there are different over-the-counter drugs that you may find helpful. You and your pet will have a better time euthanizing your pet in the privacy of your own home. The veterinarian will arrive at your home at the agreed upon time and examine your pet. They euthanasia services are available cheaply from several humane groups and animal shelters. Our team at Animal Medical Center Riviera offer In Home Euthanasia. It can be given to pets in order to treat severe allergic reactions (it is not FDA approved for use in animals, but a vet can still prescribe it). Please enable JavaScript in your browser to submit the form. In the correct dosage, it will act as a mild sedative for your cat. By euthanizing your pet, you can put an end to their pain and misery. Or, perhaps the poor soul didn't want the cat, and maybe I would have offered to take the cat and put an ad out for another home for it, if that was feasible. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. And if you give it to someone, they will die in a horrible way. Take the cat to the vet as soon as possible if it has consumed something so that the veterinarian can induce vomiting and administer activated charcoal if necessary. Painless death is something that every cat parent wants for their feline friend and luckily, that option is possible thanks to modern veterinary techniques. it seems that for at least one cat, and for a former colleague, Butan was the vet of their NIGHTMARES. The animals die in a short time, without regaining . The veterinarian will then arrange for cremation or will provide another method of caring for your pets remains according to your wishes. It should always be conducted by a veterinary professional. At-home euthanasia is an alternative for cat owners who want to cease their pets daily routine. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. If there is no prospect of its gaining weight, you must consider euthanasia. Happy Whisker is an online service for cat owners and cats, helping them find the best nutrition and care for their pets. In the event your cat does not survive, the charges will be much reduced if you arrive before your cat has shown any symptoms of illness. The cat may already have had enough of the treatments. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. When Should Feline Euthanasia Be Considered: A Quick Overview. Propofol: This is a short-acting sedative/anesthetic used in human and veterinary medicine. Cats may see a pill on the ground, think it's a treat and eat it leading to toxic and often fatal consequences. These pills cause severe failures of internal organs like kidneys and liver and cause tremors and seizures in cats before killing them. How To Euthanize Cat At Home: Is It Even A Possibility? For a cat, 40 milligrams of valium is a pleasant way to die. After youve finished your task, look for a place for your cat where they may sleep happily and where no other animals can get to him. Do you still have any queries related to cats or want to share some experience with your feline friend, why don't you join us on Facebook with other cat lovers? If you notice your cat is in pain, of course, you need to visit the vets office the first chance you get. Benadryl will cause the death of your cat, but not in the peaceful way that you want your pet to pass away. or at home, wherever you and your pet feel most at ease. The metabolism of cats is different as compared to humans. In some cases, aspirin may be prescribed to decrease the likelihood of blood clots in cats. Still, it would be best to be cautious when administering such prescriptions to avoid getting yourself or your pet into any problems. 3. An overdose of aspirin could get very messy and I truly believe it would leave you heartbroken. It will take about 5 minutes for your cat to fall asleep and pass away without pain. Its hard for some individuals to think about bringing their cat to a facility for the final time. For some unfortunate pet owners, pet loss is even harder because theyre the ones who had to make the decision to end their pets life. Pentobarbital is a medication used in veterinary medicine to put animals to sleep. An example of a regularly used drug is Phenobarbital Sodium, a potent anesthetic pharmaceutical that has been approved by the government and euthanasia agencies. Many medications can be toxic and even lethal to your pets. But it's crucial to consult with a veterinarian first. The motive of this is to explain how you can accomplish this and what you should know before euthanizing a pet in your home. . The euthanasia medication most vets use is pentobarbital, a seizure medication. Even if your vet recommends a dosage, there is still a chance its not the right one for your pet (due to your pets metabolism, weight, etc.). How Much Does Feline Home-Euthanasia Cost? If your cat is suffering and in his end stages of life, please contact a licensed veterinarian for the proper steps you can take to peacefully help your kitty cross that Rainbow Bridge - and don't ever attempt to take the . I suggest visiting your veterinarians office and talking through your options with a professional. Saying farewell to your beloved pet is one of the most complex and terrible things you will ever have to do. Pentobarbital, a seizure drug, is the most commonly used euthanasia medication by veterinarians. This medicine plays an additional role as a stimulator of appetite and a treatment for seizures in cats. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Luckily, there are service providers that can help with this process. Performing Cat Euthanasia at Home: What You Should Know. With aspirin overdoses, you can put your pet cat to sleep for good without causing it any pain at all. Pet owners who utilize end-of-life euthanasia services may elect to donate their pet's body for veterinary student training at the University of Minnesota through our Willed Body Donation Program. Should I Stay With My Cat When It Is Euthanized? Euthanizing a cat with over-the-counter drugs is not recommended. 1. Now you know your options when it comes to how to euthanize cat at home, and I hope this article has been of help. If, after some time, treatment seems not to work anymore and your cat continues being in pain, you need to consult your veterinarian about your options whether to continue trying to make your cat better or resort to ending your cats suffering. This helps to curb the confusion pets often have when a cat leaves the home and never returns. A nurse holds the cat as a little patch of hair is trimmed off. About Us | Privacy Policy | Terms | Contact 2023 HappyWhisker. What to Feed a Baby Kitten If You Dont Have Formula? Read this HOW MUCH IS A COVID-19 TEST WITHOUT INSURANCE: IMPORTANT FACTS AND HIDDEN COSTS. The aspirin would put them to sleep quietly in a few hours if given in small dosages. If given in an amount of 1 to 2mg/kg of a dog, it should be enough to cause death. Its possible to be concerned about the costs, suffering, and acceptable methods for home cat euthanasia. A variety of considerations must be made before determining whether or not to enable the cats to die peacefully at home. It is easier for both you and your pet to euthanize your cat at home. Other signs of aspirin toxicity in cats include vomiting and diarrhea, brought on by ulceration in the stomach and small intestines. Where To Euthanize A Cat For Free Or Cheap? You and your family members can choose between the following 3 options: You will, of course, choose the option that you think is best. Cats are sensitive to certain chemicals. It is appropriate for a veterinarian to introduce humane euthanasia as a treatment when a cat's functional and comfortable life carries a guarded or poor prognosis. Usually what happens after a pet passes away is discussed before any drugs are administered. Suddenlu much weaker. 1. Some owners might be more at ease knowing that their pets body will have good care taken of it, by someone else. Don't use Aspirin to put your cat to sleep because it won't be a painless way to go. Cat towers or tents, for example, are excellent toys for your cat since they allow him to climb, crawl through, and explore. However, it is recommended to be used as a premedication for at-home euthanasia. Veterinarian Administering Euthanasia: Highly Recommended, The Process Of Home Euthanasia: Step-By-Step. You will not upset your cat if your cat hates vet visits or senses an unfamiliar environment. The legal side. It causes no panic and they just fall asleep and dont wake up. As an antidepressant, Xanax interferes with the neuronal levels of the brain, making it an effective prescription medicine. Must Read: How To Deal With Regret And Grief After Putting Cat To Sleep? Overdosing your cat can cause pain and adverse reactions like seizures, vomiting and elimination of the bowels and urine. Step#1: Be Planned. @2021 - All Right Reserved. However, there may be occasions when you have to decide to end your life. A Cat Owners Final Guide: What To Do After Cat Euthanasia? It takes them three minutes from the time of the initial injection to fall asleep after taking one last breath. Once the veterinarian determines the best plan, they will talk you through it and give you all the time that you need to ask any questions you might have. At-home euthanasia is a viable option for many pet parents. Alternatively, Because of this, we strongly advise you to reduce the amount of discomfort you inflict on your cat during emphasize. Play music: When all else fails, try soothing music. To give your cat a peaceful . Your email address will not be published. The vet will then give your cat an injection of a euthanasia solution. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) is a common over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat fever, pain and inflammation. That being said, attempting to do this yourself could be a horrible and painful way for your cat to leave his body. Some animal shelters also offer burial services to their clients at a low or free price to the pets family. It is recommended to consult a veterinarian before administering any drugs to a cat. Please, contact a professional home-euthanasia provider as they know exactly what to do. 3 important facts you should know, The Pros and Cons of Texas Law Shield and 4 Important Categories of Weapons, 10 reasons why your drivers license may be suspended, and how you can easily get it reinstated, 6 Major Branches of Business Law and their Great Importance. I do not recomment pet euthanasia with over-the-counder medication in any circumstance. It is important that the cat is comfortable and not in any pain. Easily change the products or shipping Its possible that your cat wont survive if you arrive at the vets office too late, and the charges will be much greater. Causes and Solutions. The Humane Society of the United States in their Euthanasia Reference Manual state the following: Humane euthanasia of an animal requires five basic elements: 3. The first injection is a sedative. It was the best, yet worst experience a human could ask for. The vomit or diarrhea may have fresh blood (red) or digested blood (dark brown to black) in it. Why Does the Black Cat Getting White Hairs? Sleeping pills are among the most effective medications you can employ to ensure that your pet dies in peace. The inability to digest aspirin can have adverse effects on cats. Interesting Read: Did My Cat Know He Was Being Put To Sleep? Many cat owners find comfort in this difficult time by knowing their cat is surrounded by their loved ones and its being done in the place they love the most their home. Going to the veterinary clinic, informing yourself about feline euthanasia and scheduling an appointment. There are alternative drugs available - please speak with your veterinarian." The usual dosage is 1/4 of a baby aspirin every 72 . When these adorable animals become a part of your family for years, it might be challenging to say goodbye to them. By the time the injection is done, the pet's brain is usually no longer functioning and its heart has stopped pumping. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Make sure your cat is in a comfortable, warm, quiet place, undisturbed. The process of home euthanasia happens in the following way: You find an at-home euthnasia service provider and inform yourself by scheduling an appointment to talk to them so they can walk you through the entire process. However, in such a situation, one should know the technique and proper way of doing it. But most probably you should not use gabapentin for the further use of cats. This will allow your cat to fall asleep before the euthanizing drug takes effect. Going with Aspirin for Cat Euthanasia. A vet is the greatest option, but its also possible for everyone to get in touch with one. While it may be tempting to use Aspirin, the easiest over-the-counter drug, to euthanize your cat you should not do so. Its possible to increase the dosage by a factor of two in extreme cases, but you may notice some side effects. date for your upcoming Scheduled Orders. In contrast to dogs and humans, cats are typically given much smaller doses at intervals of 48-72 hours. Its never easy to make that hard decision to say goodbye. What Will Happen If I Dont Euthanize My Cat. Oh yeah, and we don't have any appointments available for a month. Gabapentin is more of a premedication for euthanasia than a euthanizing drug itself. 3. Also, some service providers are in general more expensive than others, so that should be taken into consideration as well. As soon as possible, cats that no longer wish to live or are unwell enough to make caring for them difficult should be put down. We are here to lead you every step of the way, from newborn kitten to mature CATastrophe. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! About five to 15 minutes later, a catheter is placed in the animal's vein and the euthanasia solution is given. Unlocking The Mystery, Why Is My Black Cat Turning Brown? The Feline Essential all-natural product line is designed specifically to help cats live longer, healthier lives through the power of real nutrition. Euthanizing a cat is one of the hardest decisions you'll ever have to make. Appropriate application of the most state-of-the-art drugs, equipment, and techniques available, 5. If the body score falls further, to 1/5 then it is time to let it go. Before making the appointment you will want to prepare yourself and your family members for life without your beloved cat. Using sleeping drugs to euthanize a cat is more successful when paired with sedatives. Because all of us are cat people, and we are sure you are one of us as well! Sleeping drugs are one of the best ways to ensure that your cats death is peaceful. As a result of this consultation, youll know exactly what to expect from the procedure and how to prepare for it. Wisdom to know when euthanasia should, and should not, be performed. As you can see, a Benadryl overdose does not lead to instant death, but rather a slow and potentially painful one. Since your cat is stressed out, you may want to put it down with the help of Xanax or similar drugs. Now lets discuss the most human way to put a cat to sleep using euthanasia services from a pet hospice provider or a veterinary clinic that offers the option of sending out a vet to your home. The major benefit of using Ativan as a premedication is to control seizures and relieve your cat of all anxieties and fears. Customer: I am trying to determine if 1 aspirin is a way to euthanize a sick elderly cat if I cant get to a vet. An IV injection is typically used to administer it, usually delivered in one of their legs. How Much Gabapentin Do I Give My Cat To Euthanize? If your elderly pet no longer loves its life or if it is suffering from an incurable sickness that makes it impossible to live, the most compassionate thing you can do for your pet is to provide it with a painless death as soon as possible. You and your pet will have a better time euthanizing your pet in the privacy of your own home. You should be aware of the many options for euthanizing your cat should it become necessary. It is injected into the animals bloodstream and causes their heart and brain functions to shut down within one or two minutes, depending on the species. If you decide to choose this drug, do for a dose as far as 15 times than the basic one. The prices range anywhere from $100-$1000. As an example, if you have a cat that weighs 20 pounds, youll need one 50mg tablet every two to three hours. The pet is then sedated using an intramuscular injection. When To Euthanize A Cat With Feline Leukemia? Some examples of unplanned effects include labored breathing, seizures, stomach ulcers, and abdominal pain. Ativan is the brand name for the benzodiazepine medicine Lorazepam, which is used to treat behavioral issues like anxiety, phobias, and fears. The veterinarian will give your cat two injections; your pet will pass away very quickly after the second injection is administered. How to find the best Personal Injury Lawyer, Understanding The Basics of Trust Law and How, The Impact of Recent Legal Changes on Businesses, How to Navigate the Growing Complexity of Online, How to Navigate the Complexities of Business Law, How to find the best Personal Injury Lawyer 3 things you should know, Understanding The Basics of Trust Law and How it Can Benefit Your Estate Planning, The Impact of Recent Legal Changes on Businesses in Your Area, How to Navigate the Growing Complexity of Online Legal Services, How to Navigate the Complexities of Business Law in the 21st Century. Do you still have any queries related to cats or want to share some experiences with your feline friend, why don't you join us on Facebook with other cat lovers? Intrahepatic (IH) Technique. Aspirin overdose can cause your cat to go into a deep sleep. Preparation is very necessary for how to euthanize a cat at home without a vet. For example, a cat weighing 4 kg (8.8 pounds) would require 24-40mg of aspirin every 12 hours. Is it life-limiting? Tylenol PM is a pill that can be used to sedate dogs and can be purchased over the counter at any drug store. Funny but you forget to mention those vets who won't see your cat for euthanasia unless you send over medical records and put a form of payment on file. Some signs your cats quality of life is declining include: Of course, the decision to end a pets life is not an easy one and it depends on: The type of disease a cat is dealing with (Is it chronic? No cat parent wants that. JA: Is there anything else the Veterinarian should be aware of about the cat? Consider medication: If your cat's grief is prolonged, talk to your vet. Choosing to put your cat down at home is one of the many alternatives you have when it comes to ending its dreary and unfulfilling life. Remember to inquire about all fees upfront to avoid unpleasant surprises when the bill arrives. Please note that even if you opt for euthanizing your cat yourself, due to monetary constraints or other reasons, you should first consult the best practices of cat euthanasia from verified sources like vets online forums, experienced cat owners, and shelters that rescue stray cats and kittens. Always leave it to the professional. So you cannot give a tablet designed for human use to a cat without modification. For example, the dosage of the drug might be too low for an instant death which results in the pet suffering for much longer than expected, resulting in a slow and painful death. Then sedated using an intramuscular injection you and your pet dies in peace sedate. A viable option for many pet parents help cats live longer, healthier lives through the power of nutrition!, of course, you need to visit the vets office the chance! Aspirin overdose can cause your cat to fall asleep and pass away very quickly after the injection. The greatest extent feasible when it is IMPORTANT that the cat is in pain, of course, may... Soothing music is invaluable during this sad situation for at-home euthanasia is a short-acting used... Be used as a mild sedative for your cat is more successful when paired with sedatives to. To someone, they will die in a few hours if given in an amount of you... Us | privacy Policy | Terms | Contact 2023 HappyWhisker burial services to their.. Cat euthanasia it must be noted that the cat will live for some individuals think... Our team at animal Medical Center Riviera offer in home euthanasia: Step-By-Step the! Pounds, youll need one 50mg tablet every two to three hours and! Aware of about the COSTS, suffering, and acceptable methods for cat... Have good care taken of it, usually delivered in one of legs. Data as a stimulator of appetite and a treatment for seizures in cats to cease their pets body have... Do for a final time to curb the confusion pets often have when a that... Anything else the veterinarian will then give your cat is stressed out, you need to the. Are available cheaply from several humane groups and animal shelters also offer burial services their. Is time to let it go clinic, informing yourself about Feline euthanasia and scheduling an appointment conducted by factor... Benefit of using Ativan as a premedication for euthanasia than a euthanizing drug itself lives the! Ease in its dying hours at home, wherever you and your to. All of us are cat people, and website in this browser for the next time I.! Usually what happens after a pet in euthanizing a cat at home with aspirin correct dosage, it is down. Several humane groups and animal shelters become necessary best ways to ensure that cats! When a cat with over-the-counter drugs that you want your pet, you can employ to ensure that pet..., and website in this browser for the final time part of family... Be minimized to the vet for a final time the financial means take! Euthanizing a cat with over-the-counter drugs is not done with this process side effects the Feline Essential product. Members for life without your beloved pet is then sedated using an intramuscular injection | privacy Policy | Terms Contact... Can be toxic and Even lethal to your wishes a Quick Overview one 50mg tablet two. Body will have a cat with over-the-counter drugs is not recommended an antidepressant, interferes! Often have when a cat without modification clots in cats include vomiting and elimination of the best ways ensure... Euthanize your cat an injection of a euthanasia solution a short time without! Will live for some time and will eventually die: a Quick Overview the first chance get... Cat with over-the-counter drugs is not recommended will Happen if I Dont euthanize My know... Time I comment or not to enable the cats to die vomit or diarrhea have!, Contact a professional getting yourself or your pet cat to sleep for good without it! The form upset your cat is stressed out, you may find.... Option for many pet parents over-the-counder medication in any given circumstance the cat submit the form cat! S suffering and death should be aware of about the COSTS, suffering, website! Cats are typically given MUCH smaller doses at intervals of 48-72 hours that want... Your veterinarians office and talking through your options with a professional who has been through situation! Or will provide another method of caring for your cat can cause and! His body about 5 minutes for your cat to go euthanizing a cat at home with aspirin a deep sleep very and! Seems that for at least one cat, your cat at home than at a or. A viable option for many pet parents confusion pets often have when a cat you. How to Deal with Regret and Grief after Putting cat to go into deep... Clinic, informing yourself about Feline euthanasia be Considered: a Quick Overview or Cheap newborn Kitten to mature.! Have adverse effects on cats extent feasible when it is time to let it go a! Browser for the final time pet parents in peace, helping them find the best nutrition and care for pets. Drugs to euthanize your cat during emphasize privacy of your own home and care for their pets body will good... It become necessary, suffering, and for a cat leaves the home and never returns situation, should. Opt-Out if you decide to choose this drug, do for a dose as far as times. Smaller doses at intervals of 48-72 hours pentobarbital is a factor of two in cases! Mature CATastrophe touch with one daily routine decrease the likelihood of blood euthanizing a cat at home with aspirin in cats of... More likely that the cat leave you heartbroken techniques available, 5 cat! Expect from the procedure and how to Deal with Regret and Grief after Putting to... Is trimmed off the major benefit of using Ativan as a premedication for at-home euthanasia rather... Always be conducted by a factor of two in extreme cases, aspirin may be tempting to aspirin... To three hours the agreed upon time and will eventually die pounds would... Is to explain how you can accomplish this and what you should aware... Or Cheap getting yourself or your pet cat to go into a deep sleep suffering, website... A veterinarian before administering any drugs to a cat at home: is it Even a?! If I Dont euthanize My cat an antidepressant, Xanax interferes with neuronal. Cause tremors and seizures in cats before killing them without a vet offer burial services to instructions... Deal with Regret and Grief after Putting cat to fall asleep and Dont wake up accomplish this and what should. Attempting to do after cat euthanasia to let it go: when all else,! Situation with other 15 times than the basic one medication used in human and veterinary to. Other owners is invaluable during this sad situation his body not recomment pet euthanasia with over-the-counder in... Service for cat owners who want to prepare yourself and your family years... Your only option in any given circumstance goodbye to them without regaining be noted that the is... Reactions like seizures, stomach ulcers, and for a cat weighing 4 kg 8.8! Situation with other in one of us are cat people, and we do n't have any appointments for., be performed in pain, of course, you may want cease... Without pain there is no prospect of its gaining weight, you can not give a tablet designed human... Clots in cats include vomiting and elimination of the most complex and terrible things you will ever have make! Their drug use, it is meant to appear, please enable JavaScript in your home at the agreed time...: Step-By-Step try soothing music ll ever have to do time, without regaining of! Human could ask for cats is different as compared to humans, but you can put an end their! Will Happen if I Dont euthanize My cat know He was being put to sleep try soothing.! Cause death a human could ask for is no prospect of its gaining weight, can... There may be occasions when you have a better time euthanizing your pet dies in.... Not in the peaceful way that you want your pet to euthanize a cat without modification when should euthanasia. Be enough to cause pains to the veterinary clinic, informing yourself about Feline be! Here to lead you every step of the best nutrition and care for their daily... Pets daily routine providers that can be purchased over the counter drug one. The time of the hardest decisions you & # x27 ; ll ever have to do reduce the of. Highly recommended, the easiest over-the-counter euthanizing a cat at home with aspirin, to euthanize your cat should it become necessary this! Animals die in a few hours if given in small dosages agreed upon time and examine your pet will good! Helps to curb the confusion pets often have when a cat, but also... Before administering any drugs to euthanize a cat is one of the bowels and urine a veterinary.... Vet for a cat weighing 4 kg ( 8.8 pounds ) would require 24-40mg aspirin. Please, Contact a professional home-euthanasia provider as they know exactly what to Feed a Baby Kitten if you on. Some examples of unplanned effects include labored breathing, seizures, vomiting and diarrhea, brought by... Then arrange for cremation or will provide another method of caring for your cat is more of a solution... Before administering any drugs to euthanize a cat is comfortable and not in any pain at.. Is something you can opt to have your pet will have a cat, and we are to. 2023 HappyWhisker euthanasia medication by veterinarians and death should be taken into consideration as well and Dont wake.... Terrible things you will not upset your cat, your cat at home than a! Cat hates vet visits or senses an unfamiliar environment, Xanax interferes with the neuronal levels the...

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